HRM304 · Session 2 of 11

Cultural frameworks,
and their limits

Lukas Wallrich · Birkbeck, University of London
Visiting Lecturer · SWUFE School of International Business · May 2026

Today, in three parts

Chunk 1测量文化
The frameworks. Hofstede, GLOBE, tightness–looseness. Why people tried to measure culture, and what they found.
Chunk 2应用
Applying them. A prediction game: can the numbers tell you what's going on in the room?
Chunk 3局限
What frameworks miss. Critiques, the institutional lens, and a Brazil case to test what we've learned.

Before we begin

Reflection 1反思
Have you started? You only need to submit three at the end — but writing about every session gives you choice and helps you learn.
Presentations小组报告
Groups and case topics are distributed at the end of today's session.
The waterline水线
Remember the iceberg? When we discuss HR practices, ask: above or below?

Chunk 1 of 3 · ~45 min

Can we measure culture?

Three attempts — and what each one was actually trying to do.

Why try to measure it at all?

Comparison. If two countries differ, by how much on what?
Prediction. Will this HR practice transfer — or will it break?
Diagnosis. When something fails abroad, which difference might explain it?
Every measure is a simplification. Always consider what it misses.
Cultural dimension
文化维度
A continuous axis along which national groups are claimed to differ on average — e.g., how much hierarchy is expected, how comfortable people are with ambiguity. A way of turning a fuzzy concept into a number you can compare across borders.

Hofstede's six dimensions

Power distance: a hierarchical pyramid of figures with a crowned figure at the top, contrasted with a flat row of equal figures. Individualism vs collectivism: a single figure standing alone next to a networked group of figures connected by lines.
Masculinity vs femininity: a trophy on one side, two embracing figures inside a heart on the other.
Achievement vs Care prev. Masculinity vs Femininity
Uncertainty avoidance: a checklist contrasted with a winding path. Long-term vs short-term orientation: a mature tree contrasted with a flower in bloom. Indulgence vs restraint: an ice-cream cone and a music note contrasted with a padlock.

What Hofstede says about us

Power distance
UK 35
CN 80
Individualism
CN 43
UK 89
Achievement
(prev. masculinity)
CN · UK 66
Uncertainty avoidance
CN 30
UK 35
Long-term orientation
UK 51
CN 77
Indulgence
CN 24
UK 69

Scores from theculturefactor.com, retrieved May 2026 · scale 0–100.

GLOBE — what counts as good leadership?

Anglo
Charismatic
Participative
Humane
Team-oriented
Autonomous
Self-protective
Germanic Europe
Autonomous
Charismatic
Participative
Humane
Team-oriented
Self-protective
Confucian Asia
Self-protective
Team-oriented
Humane
Charismatic
Autonomous
Participative
Southern Asia
Self-protective
Charismatic
Humane
Team-oriented
Autonomous
Participative
Sub-Saharan Africa
Humane
Charismatic
Team-oriented
Participative
Self-protective
Autonomous
Charismatic — inspires through vision and values.
Team-oriented — builds cohesion and shared purpose.
Participative — involves followers in decisions.
Humane — supportive, generous, considerate.
Autonomous — independent, self-reliant decision-maker.
Self-protective — status-conscious, face-saving; shields leader and in-group.

Rank ordering within each cluster, from House et al., Culture, Leadership and Organizations (2004). 5 of 10 clusters shown.

Gelfand — how much room is there to deviate?

Tight cultures enforce social norms strongly; deviance is sanctioned quickly. (e.g., Japan, Singapore, Pakistan)

Loose cultures tolerate a wider band of behaviour. (e.g., Netherlands, Brazil, New Zealand)

China scores relatively tight — but the data is from before 2015. Is that changing in younger urban cohorts?

Tightness vs looseness illustration in line-art style: top half shows figures aligned in a strict grid labelled TIGHT, bottom half shows figures scattered freely labelled LOOSE, with terracotta accents.

Three frameworks, three vibes

Hofstede
霍夫斯泰德
Six numbers per country. Comparable, blunt, ageing.
GLOBE
全球研究
Focused on leadership. Practices vs values. Directly HR-applicable.
Tightness–looseness
紧–松
How much variation a society tolerates. Newer, narrower.

Chunk 2 of 3 · ~45 min

The Hofstede prediction game

Can the scores tell you what's happening in the room?

What you'll have in front of you

A scenario

One paragraph describing a workplace miscommunication or HR failure in a specific country. Every group gets a different one.

A score sheet

Hofstede scores for the country in the scenario, side-by-side with China. Six dimensions, scale 0–100.

Group Task 小组任务 20:00 · 4 per group

Your task

Use the Hofstede scores to predict what's happening in the scenario — and what the scores can't explain.

What to do

  1. Read the scenario and the score sheet. Underline anything that surprises you.
  2. Write two short paragraphs: (a) what the scores predict, (b) what they miss.
  3. Choose a spokesperson for a 90-second share-back.
Report-back 反馈 ~90s per group

Share

What did the scores get right? What did they miss?

How we'll do it

  1. Spokesperson: 90 seconds. Country + one prediction + one limit.
  2. I'll cluster recurring limits on the board.
  3. Other groups: build on patterns you also saw.

Chunk 3 of 3 · ~45 min

What the frameworks miss

And why culture is only half the story.

Ecological fallacy
生态谬误

Treating a group average as if it applied to every individual in the group.

Saying "Chinese employees are collectivist" because the country score is 43 — when an individual in front of you might well be at 80.

Four limits of frameworks

One number per country
Within-country variation is huge — regional, generational, individual.
Frozen in time
1970s IBM data. Cultures move; the scores don't.
A Western lens
Built from Anglo/Dutch academia. What was not asked?
Culture ≠ institutions
Many "cultural" differences are really legal or political.

Culture is one lens. Here are three more.

Law法律
Mandatory works councils in Germany. At-will employment in the US. Dual-track unions in China. HR cannot opt out of legal frames.
Labour markets劳动力市场
Tight or loose? Surplus or shortage? Do workers get to choose? Shapes what HR can demand and what it must offer.
Political economy政治经济
Liberal vs coordinated vs state-influenced capitalism. Influences whose interests HR is permitted to serve.
Group Task 小组任务 15:00 · 4 per group

Scenario

A Chinese tech company expanding to São Paulo hires a consultant who tells them: "Adapt to high power distance and collectivism — Brazilians will respond like Chinese employees do." What's wrong with this advice?

What to do

  1. List three specific problems with the consultant's reasoning. Each must use a concept from today.
  2. Suggest one thing the company should do instead.
  3. Pick one problem to share in 30 seconds.
Report-back 反馈 30s per group

Share

One problem with the consultant's advice — your sharpest one.

Group presentations — your groups and your case

How groups formed

Randomly assigned, 5–6 per group. List will be online by end of day.

Your case

Each group has a multinational HR scenario. Case details will be online by end of day.

First milestone

A 1-paragraph problem statement, due before Session 5.

Next session

Communication & feedback

If performance means different things in different places — what happens when you sit down to tell someone how they're doing?